The 12 Most Important Dinosaur Fossil Formations

Marijuana As A Medicine And Medicine - 1571 Words

The use of marijuana as medicine is a fairly new concept and doesn t have much information on it, however it is slowly being tested and studies have shown the advantages and disadvantages to using it medically. Marijuana, more scientifically known as Cannabis, is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. Evidence supports that it may have properties that could show its usefulness in the medical field. For example, it has been used in the treatment of nausea, glaucoma, and migraines among other things. On the other hand, many of its effects are accompanied with side effects such as disorientation and hallucinations. Very little studies have been done concerning the beneficial and non beneficial effects of marijuana†¦show more content†¦It has been proven to reduce the inflammation of colon cancer. Medical marijuana can also stop the spreading of colon and breast cancer. Patients with liver cancer reported that they had a significant reducement of pain. Althoug h it may relieve pain and stop the spreading for most patients, 16% of patients have reported that Medical marijuana had done little to no effect on their pain. One of the commonly discussed alternatives for the treatment of glaucoma is the smoking of marijuana, because smoking marijuana does lower the eye pressure. Less often appreciated is the fact that marijuana s effect on eye pressure only lasts 3-4 hours, meaning that to lower the eye pressure around the clock it would have to be smoked 6-8 times a day. Furthermore, marijuana s mood altering effects prevent the patient who is using it from driving, operating heavy machinery, and functioning at maximum mental capacity. Marijuana cigarettes also contain hundreds of compounds that damage the lungs, and the chronic, frequent use of marijuana can damage the brain. Other means of administering the active ingredient of marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), include by mouth and under the tongue. These methods avoid the harmful effect of marijuana smoke on the lungs, but are limited by the other systemic side effects, such as drowsiness and loss of judgment. In one study in which doctors offer ed some of their patients with worsening glaucoma the option of pills containing

The Theory and Method of Comparative area Studies

Question: Discuss about The Theory and Method of Comparative area Studies? Answer: Introduction Background The topic of domestic violence is a key social issue in the developing, developed and under-developed countries. Children are getting affected by the domestic violence directly and indirectly (Vander Kolk and McFarlane 2012) claimed that, children can be described as the forgotten victims of Domestic violence. Besides being the direct victims of domestic violence, children are getting affected by witnessing domestic violence which affecting their development significantly. Most of the indirect victims live in the environment where their mother or key caregiver is being victimized and thereby affecting childs psychological development. Children living at their home while witnessing their mother being abused feel unsafe, as they are at a greater risk o being abused by them (Cross et al. 2012). They are often being used for controlling their mother. In this scenario, they tend to lose their childhood; the effect is also seen to hamper their educational development. Thus, this issue is o f high concern. In this scenario, the lack of self-worth of the offensive partner makes him feel that he should control all of them, whom he believes himself superior. In a family, children are also included in the domain to be controlled by the offensive member of the family. This research will concern about the effect of domestic violence on the children, who are living in Womens Refuge in UK. Research Aims This research study aims to determine and analyze the impact of domestic violence on the children living in the Womens Refuge in UK. This study also aims to identify the factors affecting children development related to domestic violence. Research Objectives To understand the concept of domestic violence as a social stigma To identify the social and other factors contributing to domestic violence on children in UK To analyze the effects of domestic violence on children living at the Womens Refuge in UK To understand the effects of child abuse on society and its development To suggest recommendations for social work student for enhancing the effectiveness of domestic violence intervention for children living in Womens Refuge in UK. Rationale of the Research Domestic violence is a major concern of social research, the prevalence is increasing day by day and it is affecting the social structure significantly. In this context, besides women, children are at high risk. In the recent era, while domestic violence has been addressed as the well-established form of violence, the society has also provided the similar degree of attention toward child abuse (Sobkoviak, Yount and Halim 2012). Every year in UK, thousands of children experience the physical, psychological and sexual harassments at their home as a result of domestic violence. While addressing the family as the important institution in the society, one negative perspective e of family life is the effect of domestic violence on children, either as a victim or as the witness of the violence, as an indirect victim of the social conflict (Choi et al. 2012). The increased prevalence of domestic violence in developed nations has raised the importance of the issue in social research which is resulting in the increased movements related to the development of womens refuge. As the prevalence rate is increasing it needs additional child protection acts with additional legislations. The children witnessing the domestic violence upon their dear ones are becoming traumatized and their positive development is being creased. Thus, it is the major issue of concern in recent researches. The study would shed light on the research topic by analyzing the effects of domestic violence on children living in womens refuge in UK. Literature Review Concept of Domestic Violence Domestic violence can also be referred to the domestic abuse that is a specific pattern or behavior related to the violence or abuse of one person against other in domestic scenario. The domestic violence can be categorized into different types which include the domestic violence, intimate partner violence and family violence. There are different forms of domestic violence, generally include physical, emotional, sexual, economic, verbal, gender aspects, family violence extensions etc. In general, women and children are the most common victims of domestic violence. However, men are also found to be victims of domestic violence, but the prevalence of women and children abuse by domestic violence are of major concern (Jones et al. 2012). Concept of Domestic Violence on Children Children abuse has been identified as the major issue of concern in social perspective, as it is enhancing the cost of health care and affecting the development of children. The domestic violence makes a coercive and violent environment to the sexual and physical abuse of children. It has been revealed that woman abuse coincides with the children, who are at a greater risk. The literature reviews of North American and Australian studies showed that the co-occurrence of physical child abuse and domestic violence in families varies in different levels. It has been reported by Fisher et al. (2012) that, some child abuse was 15 times more likely to happen in some families where there was domestic violence. Different types of child abuse have been measured. A child can be subjected to the domestic violence in the fetus stage, the fetus can be targeted for being violated or it can be affected by the terrorized mother who has been abused. Children can be physical, emotionally or sexually ha rassed, they often used as the hostage for forcing their mother to return home or they can be forced to be the witness of the violence. Both direct and indirect abuse of children affects their development in several ways. Causes and risk factors influencing domestic violence in Children There are some causes which lead to the domestic violence in children. It has been revealed that, domestic violence itself the potential cause of domestic violence. The children who are the direct victims of domestic violence or have witnessed domestic violence to their mother or other caregivers during their childhood are more prone to become abusive at their adulthood which affects their children brutally. However, there are not single factors causing domestic violence or child abuse; rather child abuse is likely to develop in the families where different risk factors exist (Hart and Rubia 2012). Surveys revealed that families who are under pressure or unable to receive support from others are most often victims of abuse and neglect. A number of risk factors or causative factors of domestic violence towards children are poverty, unemployment, lack of education, social isolation, violence between parents and lack or support from the extended family. In some cases, high expectations from the child, past and childhood history of parents, low self-worth and self-confidence, depression, work pressure, depression, abuse of drug or alcohol as well as some community attitudes like racism, gender inequality, acceptance of physical punishment and use of forces are also the contributors of domestic violence to children. Effect of Domestic Violence on the Children Development Domestic violence on children is one of the major health issue having significant public-health consequences. The effects of domestic violence can be short-term or long-term effects. These effects are relatively linked with the development issues of children. The effects can be from different dimensions. The physical effects or physical injury are the major effects. There can be minor physical injury such as bruises or it can lead to severe cases of broken bones, pain or it can be fatal also. However, it has been revealed that the abuse leaves emotional scars more than the physical ones. Sometimes, physical abuse leads to recurring health problems including impaired brain development, cognitive and language development problems; physical ailments like bronchitis, high bp, asthma and ulcer (Sugaya et al. 2012). It has also been observed that children who were abused are prone to develop psychiatric disorders at the age of 21 including eating disorder, sleeping disorder, depression, an xiety, low-self esteem etc. leading to unresolved long-term psychological effects. Behavioral effects are also identified as he results of domestic violence on children. It has been revealed that abused children are 25% more prone to experience behavioral problems like delinquency, teen drug usage, teen pregnancy etc. Children witnessing domestic violence to their mother are 11 times more prone to show criminal behavior as a juvenile. Theories related to Domestic Violence Biological theories According to the biological theories, the violent behavior is originated from organic and biological resources by the changes in genetic factors and biochemistry of brain during brain development which might be influenced by trauma. According to this theory, the trauma of early exposure to chronic violence leading to the changes in the brain functioning of childs brain function and the violent behavior in adulthood (Norman et al. 2012). Individual Psychopathology theory According to this theory, the domestic violence is originated in the dysfunctional personality structures or individual psychopathology those are more likely to be shaped by the experiences gained in the childhood. Researches have been showed that male batterers are more prone to score low in mental health assessments and criminality indicators in comparison to the nonbatterers. Other researchers have been showed that abusive males witnessing domestic violence or undergoing direct abuse destabilizes the ability to trust and control emotions and reduces the ability to establish a healthy relationship (Thompson and Trice-Black 2012). Social Structure Theory According to this theory, the imbalance of underlying power which might be understood by examining society as a whole aspect is causing the domestic violence. The analysis concentrates upon the male domination over women and children via political, physical and economic control (Hart and Rubia 2012). Relating domestic violence and child abuse in social context Child abuse is a social issue along with domestic violence upon women. It has been suggested that child abuse and domestic violence has a strong link residing within the families. According to Thompson and Trice-Black (2012), abusive fathers are prone to hurt their children emotionally or physically, when the child defends for his mother, to whom the abusive is showing violence. Indirect abuse is also causing social problem which includes educational deficit, children with mental disorders. Children, who are direct or indirect victim of domestic violence are more prone to be related with criminal activity, thereby contributing in the development of a unhealthy society. However, it is more difficult to determine the mechanism how the domestic violence upon women leads to child abuse. It has been seen that, in some child abuse cases, children are not the primary targets. In this context, it can be said that, womens refuge is a safe place for women and children and it attempts to reduce incidence of domestic violence. In recent days, it is seen that, womens refuges are being closed. As a responsible member of society, social work students should take active part in preventing the closure of womens refuge (Chandra and Sharma 2013). Research Questions What is domestic violence? How is it affecting children? What are the risk factors contributing to the domestic violence on children in UK? What are the effects of domestic violence on the children living in the Womens Refuge in UK? What can be done to improve the effectiveness of domestic violence intervention for children living in Women Refuge in UK? Research Methodology As per Ahram (2011), research methodology is one of the important chapters of the entire research work. This is considered important, as this specific chapter provides enough information about how the research work is required to conduct to gain the desired outcome easily. Therefore, it can be easily stated that the use of the proper methods in a systematic way help the researcher to resolve all the research questions as well as the emerged research issues in the present context and along with that to recommend some of the positive suggestions as per the outcomes. Research Philosophy Al (2013) has described that there exist two types of research philosophies and they are positivism philosophy and interpretivism philosophy. In order to carry on this specific task, positivism research philosophy has been selected, as this has justified the situation of the research work. Positivism philosophy has been helpful in those contexts, where the researcher is required to explain the research work with the help of in-depth analysis of the research work. in the other hand, the interpretivism philosophy has been proved to be inappropriate for this particular research work because of the nature of this philosophy. Research Approach Alvesson and Sandberg (2013) have said that there are two types of research approaches and they are deductive research approach and inductive research approach. It has been found that the deductive research approach is concerned with preparing a hypothesis based on the already existing theories and after that designing new research strategy in order to test the hypothesis. In contrast, inductive research approach is associated with qualitative research, while deductive approaches are more easily connected with the quantitative research work. Brown and Stowers (2013) has said that deductive research approach tends to explore an already known theory or phenomenon and examines if that theory is valid in the given circumstances or not. Therefore, the researcher has selected deductive research work instead of inductive research work, as this has justified this particular research work more accurately. Research Design Chandra and Sharma (2013) has stated that descriptive, exploratory and explanatory are the three major parts of the research design and among these three parts, the researcher has selected descriptive research design, as this has helped the researcher to gain valuable information. Eaton (2013) has stated that descriptive research design has helped the researcher to easily relate the research aims and the objectives in order to obtain positive findings of the research work. Data Collection Process: Primary Sources and Secondary Sources In this research work, the researcher has collected both primary and secondary data from surveys and interviews in order to prepare a mixed method of research. Secondary Research The researcher has reviewed the existing literature and this has helped the researcher to gain more knowledge on the research topic. Recently updated books, journals and several websites have helped the researcher to gain related knowledge to research topic (Gornall 2011). Primary Research This research work has helped the researcher to get data from those population, who are directly associated with the current circumstances. Therefore, this research work helps the researcher to gain original knowledge of the situation. Sampling Methods After gaining data from the online survey, the research has undertaken a simple random sampling technique on the fixed sample size of 100 mothers in different women's refuge in UK. Harrison and Reilly (2011) have said that probability sampling technique gives importance on the unbiased management of the huge population in a cost effective manner. On the other hand, to get relevant information from interviews, convenient and non-probability sampling technique has been used on the sample size of 3 managers of womens shelter camp. Sampling Size In order to gain relevant data, the researcher has selected 100 women in Womens refuge camp in different parts of UK. Beside quantitative data collection method, the researcher has gained data from 3 managers through qualitative data collection process. Ethical Issues Leedy and Ormrod (2013) have said that it is important to follow some rules during the conduction of the research work. Data Protection Act of 1998 has stated that any researcher cannot force a person to take part in the survey and interview. Novikov and Novikov (2013) have said that any participant can withdraw his/her participation and the researcher are not allowed to use the gathered data for any other purpose with the consent of the participants. Most importantly, the researcher is not supposed to influence any of the participants, as this might hamper the result of the entire research work. Limitations Time and money are the two major limitations for the researcher to carry on the entire study. If the researcher could have got more time to carry on the research work, the researcher could have collected more data (Popping 2012). Organizational Resources During the conduction of the research work, the team has helped largely to carry on the entire study. Moreover, the funding from the collage has helped to do the research work. Extended support from the supervisors has helped to figure out the research work. Most importantly, help from the classmates have made the entire research work easy. Time Table Task And Time 1st week (1st 2nd) week (2nd-3rd)Week (3rd-4th) week (4th -5th) week 5th Week (5th- 6th)week 6th Week (6th -7th) week 7th Week Introduction and Search for Data Literature Review Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis and Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Proof- Reading Sending First Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding and Submission Potential Outcomes After conduction of the entire research work, knowledge of preparing further research work has been grown. Apart from that, selection of the research variables, data collection process, data sampling techniques has been learned from the conduction of this specific research work. Techniques for gathering data from the updated books and journals have been achieved after preparation of this particular research work. Reference List Ahram, A. 2011. The Theory And Method Of Comparative area studies. Qualitative Research, 11(1), pp.69-90. Al, S. 2013. Interpretive research design: concepts and processes. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), pp.351-352. Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J. 2013. Constructing Research Questions. London: SAGE Publications. Brown, J. and Stowers, E. 2013. Use of Data in Collections Work: An Exploratory Survey.Collection Management, 38(2), pp.143-162. Chandra, S. and Sharma, M. 2013. Research methodology. Oxford: Alpha Science International Ltd. Choi, J., Jeong, B., Polcari, A., Rohan, M.L. and Teicher, M.H., 2012. Reduced fractional anisotropy in the visual limbic pathway of young adults witnessing domestic violence in childhood.Neuroimage,59(2), pp.1071-1079. Cross, T.P., Mathews, B., Tonmyr, L., Scott, D. and Ouimet, C., 2012. Child welfare policy and practice on children's exposure to domestic violence.Child abuse neglect,36(3), pp.210-216. Eaton, S. 2013. The Oxford handbook of empirical legal research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(6), pp.548-550. Fisher, H.L., Schreier, A., Zammit, S., Maughan, B., Munaf, M.R., Lewis, G. and Wolke, D., 2012. Pathways between childhood victimization and psychosis-like symptoms in the ALSPAC birth cohort.Schizophrenia bulletin, p.sbs088. Gornall, L. 2011. Book Review: Mixed Method Design: Principles and Procedures. Qualitative Research, 11(4), pp.456-457. Harrison, R. L. and Reilly, T. M. 2011 "Mixed methods designs in marketing research", Qualitative Market Research: an International Journal, 14(1), pp. 7 26 Hart, H. and Rubia, K., 2012. Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review.Frontiers in human neuroscience,6(52), pp.1-24. Jones, L., Bellis, M.A., Wood, S., Hughes, K., McCoy, E., Eckley, L., Bates, G., Mikton, C., Shakespeare, T. and Officer, A., 2012. Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.The Lancet,380(9845), pp.899-907. Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. 2013. Practical research. Boston: Pearson. Norman, R.E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J. and Vos, T., 2012. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS Med,9(11), p.e1001349. Popping, R. 2012. Qualitative Decisions in Quantitative Text Analysis Research.Sociological Methodology, 42(1), pp.88-90 Sobkoviak, R.M., Yount, K.M. and Halim, N., 2012. Domestic violence and child nutrition in Liberia.Social science medicine,74(2), pp.103-111. Sugaya, L., Hasin, D.S., Olfson, M., Lin, K.H., Grant, B.F. and Blanco, C., 2012. Child physical abuse and adult mental health: a national study.Journal of traumatic stress,25(4), pp.384-392. Thompson, E.H. and Trice-Black, S., 2012. School-based group interventions for children exposed to domestic violence.Journal of family violence,27(3), pp.233-241. Vander Kolk, B.A. and McFarlane, A.C. eds., 2012.Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. Guilford Press.

Parent Role Essays - Parenting, Family, Feeling, Qualia, Childhood

Parent Role What does the word parent mean to you? The definition of this word is, one who begets, gives birth to, or nurtures and raises a child; a father or a mother. Yet, one interprets this word difrently depending on what life has had to offer us. Many people agree with the denotation of the word parent. "To me parents are those who raised me", states Ela Hernandez. Parents are people who guide you throughout life. It's someone who loves their child no matter what and takes care of them. Watching and nurturing one owns child is what a parent is. "Because my parents are there since I was an infant I must say that I consider them my teachers on life" confesses AJ Vega. "Parents are the people that I know are there for me no matter what I do. They are their for me through any situation, be it physically, mentally or spiritually", says Carlos Hernandez. Despite the fact that the word parent is usually positive to all, part of the population feels extremely different. Some parents are overbearing, demanding, and contradicting. Many parents say that grades truly do not matter; yet, once report cards come along it's a different story. "Parents are usually never satisfied with anything we do", said Christina Cruz. In conclusion, different people have gone through different experience making their view the one word parent diversely unique. Some experiences are positive while others are negative making their knowledge and feelings towards the word resemble their experiences.

Restrictive/ non restrictive interventions free essay sample

This is a form of intervention, which usually aims to prevent the movement of an individual or to move them from a dangerous incident. This can be by bodily contact or by moving of the environment eg: closing doors. Its stops the person from freely moving. It has risks to both those who use this method, those who you use this method on if not done correctly, and those around. Non-restrictive interventions – removing the item etc. that may cause the person stress and anxiety. HSC 3045- 1. 3/1. 4 Four categories of challenging behavior/ physical intervention: Restraint Holding Positive touching Presence HSC 3045-1. 3/1. 4 Restrictive interventions are not to be used as a regular tool for managing behavior and there is a lot of guidance on when and how these can be used. E. g,‘guidance on the use of reasonable force’, available at the Department of Education, and the Challenging Behavior Foundation. Challenging behaviors may include repetitive/obsessive, withdrawn, aggressive, self-injurious, disruptive, anti-social or illegal, verbally abusive. We will write a custom essay sample on Restrictive/ non restrictive interventions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page HSC 3045 1. 6 Restraint: Defined as the positive application of force with the intention of overpowering a child. Practically, this means any measure, or tecnique designed to completely restrict a child’s mobility or to prevent a child from leaving, for example: Any technique involving a child being held on the floor (‘prone facedown’ techniques may not be used in any circumstances) Any technique which involves the child being held by two or more people Any technique involving a child being held by one person if the balance of power is so great that the child is effectively over powered. Eg, where an adult is holding the child under the age of ten. Locking or bolting a door in order to contain or prevent a child from leaving The significant distinction between this first category and the others 1. Restraint is defined as the positive application of force with the intention of over powering a child. The intention is to over power the child, completely restriction the child’s mobility. The other categories include/provide the child with varying degrees of freedom and mobility. 2. Holding: This includes anything, any measure or technique which involved the child being held firmly by one person, so long as the child retains a degree of mobility and can leave if determined enough. Positive touching: This includes minimum contact in order to lead, guide, usher or block a child; applied in a manner, which permits the child, quite a lot of freedom and mobility. 4. Presence: A form of control using no contact, such as standing in front of a child or obstructing a door way to negotiate with the child; but allowing the child the freedom to leave if they wish www. proceduresonline. com/greatermnchester/childcare/bur/chapters/pphysint. html HSC 3045-1. 6 When restrictive interventions may/not be used. Only trained members of staff should use this. It can be used to: Diffuse situations e. g. to separate a person from a trigger To protect others e. g. children and young people, staff members Prevent damage to property It must not be used: As a punishment With self harmers There are planned interventions and unplanned interventions. The tecniques used must be appropriate to the behaviors displayed and the individual child. HSC 3045-1. 4 Restrictive interventions are serious and you need to protect both the child from harm and yourself from allegations. It is therefore extremely important that you follow procedures for reporting and recording the use of restrictive and physical interventions. EXPLAIN WHO NEEDS TO BE INFORMED OF ANY INCIDENTS WHERE RESTRICTIVE INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN USED Manager Social worker All staff Physiotherapist Behavior officer Parents Health and safety officer Children in the class Task 3 HSC- 1. 5 WHY USE THE LEAST RESTRCTIVE INTERVENTIONS To model behavior and to promote positive behavior Will avoid making situations escalate Prevents risk of damage to a child physically or mentally, especially if a child has learning difficulties or has suffered abuse Gives the child/young person more decency and respect, therefore they will respect you SAFEGURDS IN PLACE You must consider alternative methods first There should be a trained member of staff dealing with the situation You must have a policy and adhere to the correct procedures There should be two staff always, probably one observing the child’s behavior. A plan with both the parent and the child must be agreed on how to deal with this You must avoid contact with sensitive body parts You should not put a child face down HSC 3045-2. 1 Proactive- Before something happens Reactive- After it has happened HSC 3045 – 2. 2/2. 3 The teacher plans her lesson thoroughly to provide continuous stability and routine. Staff build trust with the pupils in order to make them less anxious We have class rules and class consequences We provide resources that are accessible by all abilities There are times in the classroom that we will need to use reactive strategies: Some children may require a subtle or correction when sitting on the carpet for circle time. I usually stop what I am doing and ask, â€Å" Are you ok Child A? † When I notice that a child is about to do something or is in the middle of doing something wrong, I raise my eyebrows and they usually move on and stop what they are doing. Some reactive strategies may require some form of physical intervention in order to keep the child and other around safe. For example; I was given a one on one role on a school outing and was responsible for the safety of and Autistic child. We were crossing a main road and he stopped half way across. He did not respond to verbal command so I had to lift him across the road against his will.

Woodstock Festival Essay examples

Woodstock Festival Essay examples Woodstock Festival Essay examples Kim Novick MUS-150-SL History of Rock ‘n Roll May 12, 2015 Three Days of Music, Peace and Love In 1969 the most memorable music festival and art fair in America happened on August 15 thru August 18. This three day long gathering was called Woodstock Art and Music Festival. This event was not just about the music, it was an event that changed America. In the early 60’s the United States was in turmoil over the Vietnam War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Civil Right Movement. There was also assassinations of four influential men such as Robert Kennedy, J. F. Kennedy, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King. Sick of the violence and millions of deaths, many young men and women of their late teens to mid-twenties took their stand by rallies, protests, and attending concerts. It appeared to this young generation that the world their parents had made for them was a world full of hate and war and they wanted to distance themselves from it, creating a hippie counterculture. Calling themselves hippies because to be hip was one who is aware. They believed that they were fully aware of what they wanted, what they believed in and how they perceived the world. They wanted egalitarianism between races, peace among men and its country, and they wanted to be heard without being persecuted by the â€Å"The Establishment† which was any sort of government institution that ordered them to fight for a war they did not believe in. In 1964 the draft began for the Vietnam War. The youngest age for the draft was eighteen. It bewilder these young people that at the age of eighteen they were old enough to die for their country, but could not vote until the age twenty-one. This led to many antiwar protest. These rebellious hippies turned to music and drugs. Their choice of music was folk music and psychedelic rock. They used drugs that gave those means to explore alternate state of conscious such as LSD and marijuana. They used the â€Å"crow’s foot† designed by Gerald Holtom in the 1950s that protested against nuclear arms, as a symbol of the antiwar movem ent which by the end of the decade became the international symbol of peace. Their means of transportation was the VW bus, it was big enough to pile many friends and hitchhikers in, and so they could attend protest, concerts, and festivals. These VW buses were always painted with bright colored flowers, peace signs and messages of love or antiwar. With the introduction of birth control in the 60’s, it helped women to explore their sexual liberation. All these events helped pave the way to the three days of peace and love that become known as Woodstock Music and Art Festival an Aquarian Exposition in White Lake, New York. Michael Lang was one of the co-founders, age twenty-five, while in New York to promote a band he was managing, met and quickly become friends with fellow Brooklyn native, Artie Kornfeld. Artie Kornfeld, age twenty-six, was the youngest vice-president of Capital Records. These two self-motivated men had big ideas, one wanted to open a recording studio in Woodstock, New York and the other wanted to have a series of concerts to finance it. The only thing holding them back was neither one had the capital for such events. This is where John Roberts, age twenty-three, an inheritor of a wealthy family-owned business and Joel Rosenman, age twenty-six, whose background was in law, came into play. These two friends had ideas of their own. They wanted to write a television series about two pals with more money than brains, which every week would get into some nutty business ventures. The only problem was they could not think of any plots of their own, so they decided to put an ad in the Wall St reet Journal and in the New York Times that read: Young man with unlimited capital looking for legitimate investing opportunities and business propositions. This ad was to only look for ideas and plots for their television series. However, Lang and Kornfeld saw the ad in Wall Street Journal and though this might be

Foundation degree in public service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foundation degree in public service - Essay Example Social organizations are so set up that crime is not required to obtain the essential necessities of life-food, sex satisfaction, the gratification of primary emotional urges. This is the theoretical assumption of our social philosophy, our constitutions, and criminal codes. But social reality often falls short of these ideal expectations. The most popular theories used to explain crime are Strain Theory and Social Learning Theory. The strain theory was developed by Robert Merton in the 1940s. this theory states that social stress has a dominant impact on behavior of individuals. The loss of social cohesion leads to criminal behavior and isolation form society by an individual. Five reactions to social stress are conformity, ritualism, innovation, ret realism and rebellion. People who experience social stress of this sort must be expected to commit crimes when confronted by an average or even subnormal degree of environmental pressure (Spalek 2005). As long as this disposition has not undergone a change, a sequence of criminal acts must be anticipated. Many of our criminals, endowed by nature with a loosely suspended reactivity, become genuine criminals by recurrence. They acquire abnormal touchiness by the grinding effects of repeated crime and repeated punishment. This theory is important for police and fire service s, emergency etc, to understand human behavior and possible consequences of social stress factors (Hellman and Alper 1997). Social learning theory was developed by Bandura in 1970. This theory is based on psychological concepts and explanations which determine behavior of a person as socially learned. Paramour is learned while overriding actions and communication of other people, their relations and interaction patterns,. According to this theory, criminal behavior is also learned by individuals surrounded by other criminals. Social life

Analysis of Whole Foods Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis of Whole Foods Inc - Essay Example Analyses used in this study are Five Forces, Life Cycle Assessment, Value Chain Analysis, SWOT, PEST, and 7S. Buyer power- Whole Foods faces a weak buyer power because buyers are fragmented and do not have the particular influence on product or price. Organic food is sold in different 14,500 supermarkets in the States, so buyers do not have a single power to be able to dictate their price on the retailers. But if we consider Whole Foods to be the buyer, then we can consider this company to have a very strong buyer power because it can purchase and command a price from direct suppliers, and can buy out the competition.   A threat of new entrants. The threat of new entrants to the industry is low because of the big amount of investment needed to compete in the industry. The average capital cost of opening a food market site amounted to $15.1 million in 2007, plus the inventory cost of $ 850,000. Whole Foods Market pre-opening expenses averaged $2.6 million for the 21 stores they have opened. It is doubtful whether the products of the small manufacturers can reach the same shelves as with Whole Foods.   A threat of substitutes. There is a low threat of substitute because of the growing concern of people on wellness products. Whole Foods succeeded in building a competitive advantage. Their prices are comparatively higher than conventional foods, but they have established a niche in the industry because of the perceived needs of costumers.   A threat of rivalry - There is a high degree of rivalry in the industry because of the emergence of competitors in the industry. The rivalry is intense because competitors like Fresh & Easy Neighborhood, Sunflower Farmers Market. Traders Joe and Fresh Market offered several competitive moves. Competitors applied innovations, features, and lower pricing, For instance, Fresh Market developed small markets with the feel and atmosphere of an open European style market.  

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Sustainability - Essay Example In the article by Koch (2015) for instance, the passive homes are designed to use less energy at act like thermos flasks. Energy is an interesting aspect because everybody uses energy in one form or the other on daily basis. One thing about sustainability that makes sense is that new and innovative ways of doing things are shaping the sustainability agenda. For example, in the article by Phansey (2014), the author shows how 3D printing has shaped manufacturing from its traditional form to additive manufacturing. Everybody appreciates that in order to lead a sustainable life, there is need to change the traditional way of doing things and adopt new strategies. However, I do not understand the issue of standards as they apply to sustainability. For example, in the article by Koch (2015), the Passive House Institute U.S. (PHIUS) sets the standards relating to passive houses. How such standards are developed and regulated is not clear to me. I would like to know more about recyclable materials. In particular, am interesting in knowing the various recyclable objects and materials around us and how to best use them. For example in the article by Phansey (2014), the author shows how thermoplastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) can be recycled and used in 3D printing. Knowing more about such materials will be beneficial in contributing to the sustainability efforts. I believe that since we live in an era when resources are scarce, sustainability should be a tenet of every society around the world. This will make the world a better place. Koch, W. (2015). Thermos-Like Passive Homes Aggressively Save Energy.  National Geographic. Retrieved from

The Historical Marginalization Of Underprivileged Students

The Historical Marginalization Of Underprivileged Students Despite the Brown v. Board of Education decision of the Supreme Court in 1954, a landmark case that entitled all children to equal educational opportunities in the United States, regardless of race, economic background, religion, and a host of other factors, many students continue to be marginalized both in and outside of school. Students of color, students with disabilities, students learning English, students from low income families, and other marginalized student groups continue to face inequitable opportunities in schools and the resulting disparate achievement (Frattura Capper, 2007). Addressing this continued marginalization and inequitable schooling is a key principle of the growing call for leadership for social justice (Grogan, 2002; Theoharis, 2007), where the principal serves as the moderator of the equitable interests of all within a school context (Hodgkinson, 1999). Knowing that school leadership is key to reforming schools (Fullan, 1993; Grogan 2002), scholars focused on better understanding social justice leadership have identified exemplar cases where school leaders committed to equity have taken action to create more just learning environments for marginalized students (Reister, Pursch Skrla, 2002; Scheurich, 1998; Theoharis, 2007). Although studies have examined schools that make a difference in the lives of marginalized children (Oakes, Quartz, Ryan Lipton, 2000; Reister, Pursch Skrla, 2002), there is an absence of literature regarding principals as the unit of analysis and the process of principals serving as leaders for social justice. Related to this is an absence of documented strategies that principals who are leading for equity and excellence use. The purpose of this study is to build upon the growing body of scholarship by the exploration of the relationship between K-5 elementary principal leadership behaviors and student achievement for marginalized students (subgroup populations). This study will also define systems and structures within organizations that promote school-wide instruction leading to achievement of students historically marginalized. Finally, the study will identify the role professional development of school leaders plays in creating more socially just and excellent school. Significance of the study The historical marginalization of underprivileged students often results in a school culture that perpetuates the norm and ignores the social injustices that pervade our schools. The resulting and inevitable destiny for many of these students is continued school failure and social inequality. A school culture that does not accept the responsibility of answering to the needs of these students and their families simply propagates hegemony and leaves these students behind-without hope, without vision, and without equal access to the quality of education to which all children are entitled (Kose, 2005; Urban, 2009). Many years of stereotyped beliefs about the potential of marginalized populations of students has led to a deep-seated disparity between the majority and minority populations. Such differences allow the achievement gap to remain intact. These differences also result in a disproportionate number of students of color placed erroneously in special educational where resources are also inadequate to meet their needs. Despite reform efforts and increased awareness based on research the disparity between students continues to exist. Current research shows effective school leadership can influence overall student achievement in our schools (Leithwood et al., 2006; Marzano et al., 2005; Portin et al., 2003; Waters Cameron, 2006; Waters Grubb, 2004). In defining what leadership skills lead to effective school leadership, Marzano, Waters and McNulty (2005) and Waters and Cameron (2006) created 21 principal leadership responsibilities. The 21 leadership responsibilities developed from past educational research may be very similar to the leadership standards created by the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (The Council of Chief State School Officers, 2008). In order to define what are considered effective principal leadership skills, the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium created six principal leadership standards based also on past educational research (The Council of Chief St ate School Officers, 2008). These leadership standards have been adopted by many state educational departments and in Maryland are incorporated in Marylands Leadership Framework (Maryland State Department of Education, 2005). While some schools have been recognized as being equitable and excellent, what remains unknown are the specific relationship between K-5 elementary principal leadership behaviors and student achievement for marginalized students (subgroup populations). In other words, academics and school leaders are interested in knowing what does leadership that transforms school into more equitable and just places, with an attention to achievement for all, accomplish? How do these leaders do that? What knowledge, skills and dispositions are required of this? Professional development and preparation of schools leaders requires exemplars of equity and social justice behaviors which will be presented in this study. Purpose of the study This study advances conversation about what exemplary leadership of schools for social justice and academic achievement for all students means. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship of K-5 elementary principals leadership behaviors to student achievement for marginalized students. Why do some Maryland elementary schools serving low-income or minority students score higher on the states assessments than other schools with very similar students? This study seeks answers to that question by surveying principals and teachers in Maryland elementary schools serving similar student populations and analyzing the results to determine which current K-5 leadership practices and policies are most strongly associated with higher levels of student achievement for Maryland State assessment sub-group populations. It also seeks to identify the systems and structures within organizations that promote school-wide instruction leading to achievement of students historically marginalize d. Finally, the study will identify the role professional development plays in creating more socially just, successful school leaders. Failure to educate students has a three-tiered impact: (1) Global impact and effects on the American economy, (2) national implications of a perpetuation inequity among peoples of color or poverty and (3) personal implications reflected in a historically marginalized students quality of life and ability to contribute to society (Urban, ). Results from this study may lead to better leadership preparation for principals, as well as professional development for leaders based on leadership behaviors that ensure all students succeed. It will also provide research based strategies for organizing and structuring schools to better meet the needs of all learners. Research Questions The following research questions will be examined in this study: What is the relationship between K-5 elementary principals specific leadership behaviors to student achievement for historically marginalized students? What are the organizational structures and systems that are perceived to contribute to high student performance for historically marginalized students? What role does professional development play in creating more socially just, equitable and successful school leaders? Definitions, Limitations, and Delimitations: For the purpose of this study the following terms have been defined: Dependent Variable: Scores on fifth grade Reading Maryland State Assessments. Independent Variables: Students who belong to a subgroup population (%African American, %Hispanic, % of Students with Disabilities, and % of students of Free and Reduced meal status) with those students who are not. Achievement Equity: Having comparably high performance for all groups of learners when academic achievement data are disaggregated and analyzed. Achievement Gap: The achievement gap is a persistent, pervasive and significant disparity in educational achievement and attainment among groups of students as determined by a standardized measure. When analyzed according to race and ethnicity, achievement disparities negatively impact educational outcomes for poor children and children of color on a consistent basis. AYP: Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) growth over three years of all subgroups. Cultural Frame of Reference: Reference that guides peoples behavior from their point of view of the given people (Ogbu, 1995). Culturally Relevant and Responsive Pedagogy: Instruction that takes into account and applies curriculum to students cultural, ethnic, language, and socioeconomic background (Banks, Cookson, Gay, Hawley, 2001). Deficit Thinking: Students who fail in school do so because of alleged internal deficiencies (such as cognitive and/or motivational limitations) or shortcomings socially linked to the youngster-such as familial deficits (Valencia, 1997). Educational Leadership Policy Standards: ISLLC 2008 (ISLLC 2008): Standards used to guide principal preparation programs and principal certification organizes the functions that help define strong school leadership under six standards. These standards represent the broad, high-priority themes that education leaders must address in order to promote the success of every student. These six standards call for: 1. Setting a widely shared vision for learning; 2. Developing a school culture and instructional program conducive to student learning and staff professional growth; 3. Ensuring effective management of the organization, operation, and resources for a safe, efficient, and effective learning environment; 4. Collaborating with faculty and community members, responding to diverse community interests and needs, and mobilizing community resources; 5. Acting with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical manner; and 6. Understanding, responding to, and influencing the political, social, legal, and cultural contexts. Hegemony: Racial and cultural domination (Spring, 2005). Leadership for Excellence and Equity: Schools in which all students achieve high levels of academic success, regardless of any students race, ethnicity, culture, neighborhood, income of parents, or home language (Scheurich Skrla, 2003, p.1). Schools in which principals advocate, lead and keep at the center of their practice and vision issues of race, class, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and other historically and currently marginalizing conditions in the United States. (Theoharis, 2004, p.3). Marginalized populations: groups of people in the United States marginalized by the majority culture (Kitzinger, 1996). In this study marginalized populations include children of marginalized communitiesin particular, poor children, and children of all ethnic backgrounds; and those with disabilitiesinvolves negotiating the hardships that are a product of a legacy of discrimination. Once these children enter the classroom they often are faced with a curriculum that can be irrelevant to their realities, ability grouping and a system of tracking that often excludes them from courses needed to pursue higher education (Potts, 2003; Smith, 2000). Maryland School Assessment (MSA): The MSA is a test of reading and math achievement that demonstrates how well students have mastered academic standards specified in the Voluntary State Curriculum. The test was developed to meet the reporting requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act. The test is administered in March to students in grades three through eight, and once in high school. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB): The NCLB Act of 2001 aims at ensuring both academic excellence and equity by providing new opportunities and challenges for states to advance the goal of closing the achievement gap. It relies on high stakes testing to ensure that schools make adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward the goal of 100% proficiency by 2014. Supporters of NCLB claim the legislation encourages accountability in public schools, offers parents greater educational options for their children, and helps close the achievement gap between minority and white students. NCLB aims to show achievement toward these goals through federally mandated standardized testing. NCLB seeks to narrow class and racial gaps in school performance by creating common expectations for all. It requires schools and districts to focus their attention on the academic achievement of traditionally under-served groups of children, such as low-income students, students with disabilities, and students of major racial and ethnic subgroups. Opportunity to Learn equity: Equal access to a rigorous curriculum for all students. Professional Development: The National Staff Development Council defines the term professional development to mean a comprehensive, sustained, and intensive approach to improving teachers and principals effectiveness in raising student achievement School Culture: Something reflected in the environment of the school. It is present in everyone and every environment consciously and unconsciously (Clarke Estes, 2002). School-Wide Instruction: Consistent implementation of instruction throughout the entire school. Social justice: Refers to the concept of a society that gives individuals and groups fair treatment and an equitable share of the benefits of society.   In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equity.   Under social justice, all groups and individuals are entitled equally to important rights such as health protection and minimal standards of income.  Dantley and Tillmans (2006) position is that social justice ultimately changes inequities and marginalization. Bogtochs (2002) situates this social justice position within the context of school leadership. Theoharis (2007) definition of leadership for social justice leaders: advocate, lead, and keep at the center of their practice and vision issues of race, class, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and other historically and currently marginalizing conditions in the United States. This definition centers on addressing and eliminating marginalization in schools. In doing so, inclusive school ing practices for students with disabilities, English language learners, and other students traditionally segregated in schools are also necessitated. Special Education: Services and supports designed to minimize the impact of disability and maximize opportunity to grow and learn (Hehir, 2007). Standards-Based Instruction: Use of curriculum and instruction that is aligned with the Standards determined by the school or state. Structure: Institutional mechanisms, policies, and procedures put in place by federal, state or district policy and legislation or widely accepted as the official structure of schools; not subject to change at the local school site (i.e., personnel policies, use of instructional time, program regulations). Student Achievement in Reading: Student achievement in reading will be measured by MSA reading scale scores. The State Board of Education set cut scores for performance standards on MSA testing. Performance standards determine cut scores for students performing at proficient and advanced levels. Students not performing at proficient or advanced levels are considered to be at the basic level. System: Coordinated and coherent use of resources (time, personnel, students, parents, funds, facilities, etc) constructed by the school site to ensure that school visions, missions and goals are met (i.e., professional development, teacher collaboration, use of time). Systemic Equity: The transformed ways in which systems and individuals habitually operate to ensure that every learner-in whatever learning environment that learner is found-has the greatest opportunity to learn enhanced by the resources and supports necessary to achieve competence, excellence, independence responsibility, and self-sufficiency for school and for life (Scott, 2001). Tracking: A way to organize or segregate students based on ability level. Limitations: One of the central limitations of this study is that excellence in selected schools will be defined solely by students attainment of a target score (AYP) on a standardized test. Another limitation will be the focus on a single school district. Delimitations External validity is impacted based on some delimitations. The use of purposeful sampling will be required to select the schools based on a list of criteria which will be identified by the researcher. Selection criteria will limit the ability to generalize since there will be a narrow set of criteria in place for the study. Small sampling and school location may limit the ability to generalize information to other schools and district. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Introduction Moral purpose of the highest order is having a system where all students learn, the gap between high and low performance becomes greatly reduced, and what people learn enables them to be successful citizensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The role strategically placed to best accomplish this is the principalship. Michael Fullan, The Moral Imperative Of School Leadership This chapter focuses on the three concepts at the core of this study: social justice, leadership, and achievement for marginalized populations. Each topic will be examined in terms of its theories and concepts as well as supporting empirical evidence in research. Social justice, as the overarching topic of this research study, is reviewed first. Next, the history of leadership literature, proposed leadership models, and the relationship between leadership and social justice, is presented followed by a review of student achievement for all students, student achievement measures, dimensions and correlations to social justice and leadership. The chapter concludes with theoretically supported rationale for three hypotheses expressing positive relationships between social justice, and leadership behaviors and social justice and student achievement of marginalized students and leadership behaviors and student achievement of marginalized students. While the existing literature points to the deep impact that schools have on student learning what remains unknown is the specific relationship between K-5 elementary principal leadership behaviors and student achievement for marginalized students (subgroup populations). Scholars and practitioners in the field of education are interested in knowing what does leadership that transforms school into more equitable and just places, with an attention to achievement for all students, accomplish? How do these leaders do it? What knowledge, skills and dispositions are required? To address this gap in the literature, this particular study will be conducted to specifically explore the outcomes and dimensions of leadership behaviors and to identify relationships between these behaviors and student achievement for marginalized populations. Professional development and preparation of schools leaders requires exemplars of equity and social justice behaviors which I intend to present in this study.

Background Essay -- essays papers

Background Information Warfare is defined as, â€Å" the offensive and defensive use of information and information systems to deny, exploit, corrupt, or destroy, an adversary’s information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while protecting one’s own. Such actions are designed to achieve advantages over military or business adversaries† (Goldberg). Cyber-Terrorism is defined as, â€Å"the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives in the worldwide network of computer and/or computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange† (Doyle). The two definitions are not formal and are not the exact definitions of either two terms. The reason for this is that there is no exact definition that constitutes information warfare or cybe r-terrorism. From these definitions above, we can conclude that a cyber-terrorist will use information warfare techniques to reach his goal. For example, if the United States understands the system that operates the scud missiles of Iraq, then through Information Warfare (hacking / cracking) they could make the scud missiles useless. This protects the Untied States pilots on attacks of chemical or biological weapons of mass destruction by reducing the chances of the pilots actually being shot down. Information Warfare has been around since the creation of the NSA. The first machine that deciphered code was created by United States scientists and was calls the Fish. However, the greatest advancement in our technology came when the United States stole the Enigma machine fr... ...Terrorism Introduction. < http://www.survivalguide.com/cyber_terrorism_introduction.htm> [2002, October 16]. Deutch, J. (25, June 1996). Foreign Information Warfare Programs and Capabilities. [2002, Sept12]. Ensor, D. Garrett, M. Smith M., & Williams, D. (February 20, 2001). FBI assesses 'grave' damage from latest spy scandal. < http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/02/20/fbi.spy.impact/> [2002, October 16]. Goldberg, I. (December 2, 2000). Glossary of Information Warfare Terms. < http://www.psycom.net/iwar.2.html> [2002, October 16]. Johnson, D. (2001). Computer Ethics. Prentice Hall, NJ. (November 2001) Cyber Protests Related to the War on Terrorism : The Current Threat. < http://www.nipc.gov/publications/nipcpub/cyberprotests1101.pdf > [2002 September 12].

Case study on kerry group Essay

Introduction As part of my business management assignment I have been asked to investigate and evaluate the internal and external environment of an organization and the impact of change on an organization I intend on outlining the purpose, mission, vision , objectives and structure of this organization, explain the relevance of the type of structure. Do a pest and swot analysis and evaluate the impact of change on the organization , I will be completing this assignment with the aid of the website , Kerryfoodgroup.com the internet and my class notes. Aims The aims of this assignment are to ensue I cover the following aspects: Relevant information appropriately presented  Understanding and knowledge of chosen topic clearly demonstrated Present relevant data and statistics that support my work  Comprehensive evaluation of topic clearly demonstrated  Conclusions and recommendations bibliography Organisation types I am going to explore the following organisation types: Sole Trader Private limited Company Public limited Company Co-Operative Sole trader A sole trader is a type of business entity that allows one person to be solely responsible for the financial dealings of the business. The benefits and disadvantages of being a sole trader Advantages You are your own boss . Set your own working hours. Pick your rate of pay. Easy to set up. This form of business ownership has fewer regulations than other systems of ownership do. And another major benefit of operating as a sole trader is the ability to exert full control over the business Disadvantages Unlimited liability No sick pay. All pressure and responsibility is on you. No one o cover you if something happens Income tax 20-41% No one to share decision’s Suffer all losses Private Limited Company Private limited companies are viewed as corporations under the law and share several common characteristics with all corporations. However, private corporations are owned and operated by a small group of people. Because of their structure, private limited corporations operate under a set of limitations not imposed on public corporations. Advantages A private limited company is run by a small group, Many of them members of a single family, that wishes to limit the influence of outsiders on its company. Because private limited companies are run by a small group, they are usually not subject to takeovers and other challenges faced by public companies. The minmum required to set one upis 1 person and the max is 99. Disadvantages Profit Sharing Taxes Lack of privacy, information concerning the company is made public. Public limited company A company whose shares are traded on a stock exchange and can be bought and sold by anyone. Public companies are strictly regulated, and are required by law to publish their complete and true financial position so that investors can determine the true worth of its stock . Also called a plc Facebook is a reality formed plc . Advantages There is limited liability for the shareholders. The business has separate legal entity. There is continuity even if any of the shareholders die. These businesses can raise large capital sum as there is no limit to the number of shareholders. The shares of the business are freely transferable providing more liquidity to its shareholders . Disadvantages There are lot of legal bits and pieces required for forming a public limited company. It is costly and time consuming. In order to protect the interest of the ordinary investor there are strict controls and regulations to comply. These companies have to publish their accounts. The original owners may lose control. Public Limited companies are huge in size and may face management problems such as slow decision making and industrial relations problems. Co-Operative  A co-operative is a group of people acting together to meet the common needs and aspirations of its members e.g the Credit union, sharing ownership and making decisions democratically. Co-operatives are not about making big profits for shareholders, but creating value for customers this is what gives co operatives a unique character, and influences our values and principles. Advantages It is usually inexpensive to register a cooperative. All members and shareholders must be active in the cooperative. Shareholders have an equal vote at general meetings regardless of their shareholding or involvement in the cooperative. Members, other than directors, can be under  18, though these members cannot stand for office and do not have the right to vote. Shareholders, directors, managers and employees have no responsibility for debts of the cooperative unless those debts are caused recklessly, negligently or fraudulently. A cooperative is owned and controlled by its members, rather than its investors. Disadvantages There must be a minimum of five members. There is a usually a limited distribution of surplus (profits) to members/shareholders and some cooperatives may prohibit the distribution of any surplus to members/shareholders. Even though some shareholders may have a greater involvement or investment than others, they still only get one vote. Active and direct involvement of members/shareholders in the cooperative. These bullet points and definitions where all found in my class notes and I also used www.cro.ie Kerry Foods Group The company I am going to focus on will be Kerry foods group the history of the organisation traces the evolution and growth of Kerry Group from its modest beginnings in the south west of Ireland some 30 years ago into a successful, publicly traded, multinational corporation and leading player in the global food industry. Having commenced operation from a green field site in Listowel, Co. Kerry in 1972, the Kerry organisation has realised sustained profitable growth with current annualised sales of approximately â‚ ¬5.8 billion, Kerry Group today is a world leader in food ingredients and flavours serving the food and beverage industry, and a leading supplier of added value brands and customer branded foods to the Irish and UK markets. Kerry has grown to become one of the largest and most technologically advanced manufacturers of ingredients and flavours in the world. Spanning all major food categories, Kerry’s core technologies and global resources in culinary, dairy, lipid, meat, cereal, sweet and beverage systems and flavours provide innovative, practical product solutions to food manufacturers and food service companies. Purpose Kerry Foods operates in Ireland and the UK. they market there own brands across a wide range of categories and supply supermarket private labels in selected areas. they also have become one of the leading chilled foods companies in the geography through: A strong portfolio of brands, in which they continue to invest and grow Close working relationships with retail customers to develop mutually successful, private label business An unrivalled national service to the independent convenience sector, in both the UK and Ireland Mission statement Kerry Group will be: – the world leader in food ingredients and flavours serving the food and beverage industry, and – a leading supplier of added value brands and customer branded foods to the Irish and UK markets Through the skills and wholehearted commitment of ther employees, we will be leaders in our selected markets – excelling in product quality, technical and marketing creativity and service to our customers We are committed to the highest standards of business and ethical behavior, to fulfilling our responsibilities to the communities which we serve and to the creation of long-term value for all stakeholders on a socially and environmentally sustainable basis. Vision Group Goals & Long Term Targets †¢ Group revenue: +2% to +4% (LFL) volume growth †¢ Margin: 10% Group margin in 5 years †¢ Adjusted EPS* 10%+ †¢ ROAE* 15%+ and CFROI 12%+ Objectives Kerry’s Sustainability Programme represents a journey of continuous improvement – an ongoing process and strategy to secure sustainable growth. Sustainability is at the heart of our business strategy and enshrined in our corporate mission statement.As a world leader in ingredients & flavors and as a major consumer foods organization in Europe, Kerry aims to conduct its business in a responsible and sustainable manner. This demands a holistic approach to Group activities involving close liaison with our customers, suppliers, regulatory authorities, employees and other relevant stakeholders.Our Kerry Group Sustainability Council appraises, directs and provides leadership in promoting industry best practice sustainability program throughout the Group. Its membership includes Directors of Group functions with responsibility for all pillars of Kerry’s Sustainability Programme. Structure of the organization Business structure The Group is divided into several divisions: â€Å"Kerry Ingredients & Flavours† is the largest division producing over 15,000 ingredients, flavours and integrated solutions from more than 125 manufacturing sites worldwide. It claims to have become the largest and most technologically advanced provider of technology-based ingredients, flavours and integrated systems. â€Å"Kerry Foods† supplies added-value branded and customer branded food products to supermarket chains, convenience stores and independent retailers across the UK and Ireland. It has 15 manufacturing facilities all in Ireland and the UK. Products include sausage, sliced bacon, sliced meats, pastry products, ready meals, ready-to-cook products, savoury snacks, cheese, cheese snacks, dairy spreads, low-fat spreads, UHT products, home-baking products, salads, sandwiches and fruit juices. Consumer branded products include – in Ireland: Denny, Galtee, LowLow, Dairygold, Cheestrings, Charleville Cheese, Shaws, Coleraine, Golden Cow, EasiSingles, Dawn, Roscrea, Kerrymaid, Golden Olive, Mitchelstown, Calvita, Ballyfree, Move over Butter and Freshways – in the UK: Richmond, Wall’s,  Mattessons, LowLow, Cheestrings, Pure, Mr. Brain’s, Porkinsons, Bowyers, Lawsons, Green’s and Homepride. â€Å"Kerry Agribusiness† is headquartered in Charleville, Co. Cork, and works with the Group’s 4,000 milk suppliers in Ireland, to produce milk and related dairy products. Why have structures? Because it allows each sector to oranise itself. All businesses have to know what to do A clear structure makes it easier to understand the organisations objectives Organization chart What is a organisation chart? Companies use the organizational chart to pictorially depict their prevailing hierarchies, work flow and authority-responsibility diagrams. Small companies use flat organizational charts and large companies use tall organizational charts. Function The main purpose in drawing an organizational chart is to visually represent employee structures of the organization. One glance at the chart tells the viewer of all reporting to a particular employee and to whom he is answerable for work-related matters. Features A tall organizational chart is one that is shaped like a pyramid. There are several layers and tiers of employees. This structure is narrow and the top and broad at the bottom. A flat organizational chart is wide and expansive all throughout. More often than not, the employees report directly to the top management. This is pictorially depicted by a flat organizational chart. Considerations The type of organizational chart that the company draws must be based on the type of trade it is into. It is not practical and feasible for large  companies to have a flat organizational structure and chart. Large companies tend to centralize authority and departmentalize their strategic functions. Likewise, when small companies use the tall organizational structure and chart, they have to deal with greater bureaucracy and middlemen’s salaries. Is Kerry food group a flat or tall organisation? Swot Analysis of Kerry Group Kerry Group, Plc. Category Food Processing Sector Food and Beverages Tagline/ Slogan Brands that deliver USP Its worldwide facilities and unrivalled technical support network guarantees that its highly acclaimed ingredient systems and technologies are available to food processor or foodservice companies in all markets. STP Segment Business segments: Ingredients incorporating Culinary, Flavours and Bio-Science, Consumer Foods, Agribusiness and Dairies Target Group Agribusiness: Food sector, Animal feed sector, Drinks sector Consumer Foods & Dairies Consumers of branded & private labeled food products Positioning Committed to evolving food and developing brands that deliver, time and time again SWOT Analysis Strength 1. Established global processing and technical network with an ingredients portfolio extending to some nine thousand products to food processor and foodservice markets in over 120 different countries 2. Core technological strengths in savory ingredients, sweet ingredients, food coating systems, nutritional systems and specialty protein applications 3. An unrivalled national service to the independent convenience sector, in both the UK and Ireland 4. Close working relationships with retail customers to develop mutually successful, private label business 5. One of the leading consumer brands in Ireland and Europe Weakness 1.Input cost volatility due to raw material pricing being impacted by adverse crop production conditions 2. Limited market share and Pressure from competitive markets 3.Ingredients and Flavours market is highly fragmented Opportunity 1.Growth in demand for convenient ‘ready-to-use’ foods to match modern lifestyles and for fresh natural food products 2.Growing Ingredients and Flavours market 3. Tapping global capability via emerging markets & global customers Threats 1.Food industry supply and demand issues 2.Commodity cost inflationary momentum 3.Impact of foreign exchange fluctuations Competition Competitors 1.Associated British Foods Plc. 2.Greencore Group Plc. 3. Westbury Dairies Limited Pest analysis

Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essays

Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essays Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essay Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essay The organic structure is opaque, hence many old ages ago cipher could see inside it without executing surgery. However today there are many non invasive techniques, such as antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) , computed imaging ( CT ) , X-rays and magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) , which helps us to see inside the organic structure to assist name and handle a patient. The purpose of this essay is to compare functional magnetic resonance imagination with other non invasive techniques used to look inside the organic structure. And to find whether it is the most sufficient technique used, or if there are any alternate methods. The techniques that are traveling to be discussed in this essay are positron emanation imaging, computed imaging, magnetic resonance imagination, and functional magnetic resonance imagination. Positron emanation imaging Positron emanation imaging scanners are able expression at the physiology and anatomy of any portion of the organic structure, and are able to observe tumors, irregular and deficient blood flow to tissues, aneurisms, blood cell upsets and deficient operation of variety meats such as the thyroid and pneumonic map lacks. In order for this to happen a radioactive substance is injected into the patient. The radioactive substance is normally tagged with a radioactive atom, for illustration C-11, F-18, O-15, and N-13. These radioactive atoms are formed by pelting chemicals, by a atom gas pedal device, with neutrons to make short lived radioactive isotopes. The antielectron emanation imaging is able to observe gamma beams which are given off when the radioactive isotope emits a antielectron which collides with an negatron in the tissue. It is able to make this as it has a gamma beam sensor ; this has a series of scintillation crystals, which are each connected to a photomultiplier tubing. The crystals convert the gamma rays into photons of visible radiation ; this is so converted and amplified by the photomultiplier into electrical signals. These electrical signals are so developed into an image by a computing machine. : ( 2008 ) How positron emanation imaging ( PET ) works. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/5656 [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] Because this lone produces an image of a piece of the organic structure, hence in order for the image to be three dimensional there are legion pieces developed, which can so be assembled by the computing machine to organize a three dimensional image. The image shows blood flow or other biochemical maps depending on what radioactive substance is being used. For illustration, to bring forth an image of encephalon activity, weak radioactive glucose is injected into the patient. The radioactive glucose releases antielectrons as it is consumed by the encephalon. As the encephalon consumes the glucose, this shows which countries of the encephalon are most active. The higher the ingestion of glucose the higher the activity of the country of the encephalon. Picture screening: A normal pet scan which shows the difference in encephalon activity between declaiming a set of good memorized and practiced words ; and a set of words non practiced Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/serialkillers/pet_link.html [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] It was found that those who perform good on a hard concluding trial consume less energy so those who performed ill. ( Haier et al 1988 ) Haier believes that it shows that intelligence is related to encephalon efficiency: less efficient encephalons work harder but still carry through less ( Haier, White A ; Alkire 2003 ) There are a limited figure of PET scanners ; this is because the devices needed to make the radioactive isotopes are highly expensive, so therefore it is a hard intervention to have. Not all patients are able to undergo the intervention due to radiation degrees ; pregnant adult females are hence non suited to undergo this process. Even though the radioactive isotope is short lived it people can merely undergo this process a limited figure of times due to the radiation exposure. However there are advantages for this process, it is able to observe diseases before any alteration in the anatomy like functional magnetic resonance imaging scanners, by analyzing biochemical map. It prevents unneeded surgeries, as it is able to separate between benign and malignant tumors. Computed imaging Computed imaging green goods X raies, it is a powerful signifier of electromagnet energy. Because it has a high energy degree it will therefore base on balls straight through most of the soft stuffs in the organic structure. The image shows merely white, gray and black. White represents bone, metal and Ca. The Grey sunglassess represent variety meats, soft tissues and musculuss, and black represents air, and fat. The X-ray beam moves all around the patient, scanning from 100s of different angles, and is so set together to organize a three dimensional image of the organic structure. It is used to name malignant neoplastic disease, caput injury, and osteoporosis. The advantages of this process are that it is painless and non invasive. It is first-class for abdominal injury, and can bring forth elaborate images of the liver, kidneys and lien. There is no job for those who have implanted medical devised, unlike MRI scans. However there are besides disadvantages to this process, even though the radiation degrees are low, persons can merely undergo this procedure a limited figure of times. Pregnant adult females can non undergo this process due to the radiation, which is a hazard to the fetus. It is non really good at observing soft tissues in great item, and is non good at happening countries of the encephalon which are infected or inflamed compared to MRI scans. And there is a dye that may be used for contrast, which people may respond severely to. Image demoing an Axial CT image of a normal encephalon. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=cat-scan.htm A ; url=http: //www.imaginis.com/ct-scan/history.asp [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Magnetic resonance imagination Raymond Damadian developed the first magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) scanner ( Gould R.T. et Al 2000 ) . It uses a really strong magnetic field and wireless moving ridges to bring forth a elaborate image of inside the organic structure. It is able to make this because most of the human organic structure is made up of H2O molecules, incorporating H atoms. These H atoms contain a proton, which aligns itself in the way of the magnetic field. Because the MRI scanner has a much higher magnetic field than the Earth, it changes the way to that of the magnet. The MRI scanner so sends radio frequence signals that are specific to hydrogen atoms, to the peculiar country that is being examined. This causes the protons to absorb energy for it to be able to whirl in a different way. When the wireless frequence signals have stopped the H protons release their surplus stored energy as they slowly return to their natural alliance. A spiral on the scanner picks this up, which is so sent to a co mputing machine. The computing machine receives mathematical informations which is converted into an image. The images provided can be used to demo if there are any abnormalcies in the tissues. MRI scans are able to observe if the patient has suffered from a shot, any hurts, and can observe tumours and diseases in any portion of the organic structure. Image demoing sagittal position of an MRI scan. FMRIB Centre ( 2005-2010 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/education/fmri/images/sagittal_scan.jpg/view [ Accessed on: 25/03/10 ] Functional magnetic resonance imagination It was discovered that O hapless hemoglobin was affected otherwise by a magnetic field than O rich hemoglobin. And so therefore it was possible to utilize these contrasts in the blood O response to map images of encephalon activity on a normal MRI. Which lead to the development of functional magnetic resonance imagination ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) , which looks at the construction but besides the map of the encephalon. Functional MRI measures the haemodynamic response. This is the alteration in blood flow related to cognative activity, for illustration reading, emotions and listening. When nervus cells are active there is an addition in O being used, which increases the blood flow to that peculiar country. This produces activation maps, which shows what portion of the encephalon is involved in a peculiar mental procedure. For illustration the hippocampus and related median temporal lobe constructions are important for the encryption and storage of information in long- run memory. Picture demoing four functional encephalon scans obtained during a ocular memory undertaking Mark DEsposito A ; Charan Ranganath ( 2000 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2000/11/20_mri.html [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] Functional MRI has enabled us to supervise the growing and map of encephalon tumors, and can besides measure shot, injury or degenerative diseases on encephalon map. Functional MRI does non necessitate any radioactive isotopes or injections ; therefore the patient will be more comfy with holding the process done. There is a high declaration, so there is a more elaborate image obtained. It does nt utilize radiation like X raies, Computer Tomography or positron emanation imaging scans do, therefore is nt harmful to the patient or physician during the process, and many can be done if necessary. And it looks at all countries of the encephalon, as it is able to look at the image in any plane. Whereas a CT scan can merely bring forth one plane of position, the axial plane. The MRI scan can bring forth images of axial, sagittal and coronal planes, every bit good as any in between those grades, without the patient even traveling. However there are disadvantages of the equipment. It is really expensive for the equipment used ; therefore the test will be rather expensive so non many people will be able to afford to hold them. There are some people who can non undergo a functional MRI scan, because metal can non be near the scanner, for illustration those with pacesetters. And besides some people may be excessively large to be scanned. Those who are claustrophobic may happen it straitening. The patient has to maintain wholly still for the continuance of the process, which may be for a long clip, so that a clear image can be captured. If there are any little motions this may take to a deformed image, which may hold to be repeated. And it does nt look at the activities of the single nerve cells which are critical for mental map. It is hard to state precisely what encephalon activity is being represented on the scan, as the functional Magnetic resonance imaging picks up 1000s of single nerve cells at a clip, which may stand for a figure of different maps. In decision it seems that every technique is more efficient for certain countries of the organic structure, certain persons or specific diseases. Functional MRI merely looks at the map of encephalon activity, whereas CT and PET scans are able to see inside the whole organic structure. Favored scans are besides able to look at the map of the encephalon, nevertheless there are merely a limited figure of times the patient can undergo this process, and those who have implanted metal devises can non hold a MRI scan due to the magnetic field. CT scans are really good for those who need to name venters trauma, nevertheless the CT scanner does non give much item to soft tissues. PET scanners have a high sensitiveness, but lacks deciding morphology. MRI scanners have lower sensitiveness, but have a high contrast with soft tissues. So at that place have been versions, by uniting them both to acquire a more powerful instrument. This can besides be done with CT scanners and PET scanners. Mentions Columbia University ( n.d ) . The Future Role of functional MRI [ online ] . [ Accessed 07/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmri.org/fmri.htm gt ; . Coon, Dennis A ; Mitterer, John O. ( 2008 ) Introduction to Psychology: Gatewaies to Mind and Behavior. 12th erectile dysfunction. Cengage Learning Devlin, Hannah ( 2005-2010 ) . Introduction to fMRI [ online ] . [ Accessed 08/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/education/fmri/introduction-to-fmri/ gt ; . Erkonen, William E A ; Smith, Wilbur L ( 2009 ) Radiology 101: The rudimentss and basicss of imaging3rd erectile dysfunction. Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins Freudenrich, Ph.D. , Craig. ( 2000 ) How Nuclear Medicine Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 18/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-medicine.htm gt ; Gould, RT, Todd A. ( 2000 ) How MRI Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed on 8/3/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //healthguide.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm gt ; Harris, Tom. ( 2002 ) How CAT Scans Work. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/cat-scan.htm gt ; NHS [ online ] . ( 2009 ) MRI- scan [ online ] [ Accessed 08/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/MRI-scan/Pages/Introduction.aspx. gt ; . Radiology Info ( N.D ) Professionals and cons of PET scans Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.radiology-info.org/nuclear-medicine-positron-emission-tomography/pros-consside-effects.html gt ; scanDirectory.com Staff ( 2007 ) organic structure scan [ online ] [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scandirectory.com/content/body_scan.asp gt ; Watson, Stephanie. ( 2008 ) How fMRI Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. 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Jane Eyre, compare and contras essays

Jane Eyre, compare and contras essays In the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Jane encounters two men of considerable power that profoundly change her life. One man, Edmund Rochester, is the love of her life, however, he is in an unfortunate marriage with a savage woman. The second man, St. John Rivers, will not be able to fulfill Janes emotional needs and desires like Rochester can. Janes relationships with Rochester and St. John become evident by the settings in which they interact with each other. Through her comparisons and contrasts of characters and settings, Charlotte Bronte is able to guide the reader through the turbulent chapters of the novel that ultimately decide the fate of the title character, Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte uses settings to represent relationships and to interconnect events throughout the novel. Thornfield is the primary setting because it is in the middle of the plot and it attributes structural unity to the novel (Napierkowski 172). Thornfield is the ideal home for Jane in that every other place she has ever or will ever reside in is subject to comparison to the mansion. Moor House is Thornfields antithesis because Moor House is a place where Jane is cared for, whereas in Thornfield, she is one of the caretakers of Adele (Craik 10). The teachers cottage that the Oliver family provides for Jane is also much different from Thornfield in that it offers the bare necessities of life; physical, mental, and emotional (Craik 10-1). Jane lived alone, with the exception of an occasional visitor, and had the simplest furnishings possible. In Thornfield, Jane had all of lifes luxuries at her fingertips; fine furnishings, agreeably nice companions, entertainment, and the love of her life were contained within the walls of the mansion. Thornfield also differs from the Lowood Institution; in Thornfield, freedom and happiness are in its gardens and landscap...

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